All Rights Reserved. The goal of the Reimagining Residency grant program is to transform residency training to best address the workplace needs of our current and future health care system. In this report, we detail: the total annual clinical compensation for each physician from each specialty on the specialty code list. Weve seen sizable increases in both physician compensation and productivity in urgent care, which could be indicative of its wider use, Mr. Swanson said. endstream endobj 333 0 obj <. The difference between the highest paying region (Western) compared to lowest paying region (Eastern) is just over $20,000.. All rights reserved. Gauging pandemics effect on compensation. All rights reserved. Was compiled from data submitted. There is also a subset of data for starting salaries which can be harder to find. Access reports from the Council on Medical Education presented during the AMA Annual and Interim Meetings. The review is based on 2,458 permanent physician and advanced practitioner search assignments that were ongoing or conducted by Merritt Hawkins/AMN Healthcare's physician staffing companies from April 2020 to March 2021. American College of Medical Practice Executives (ACMPE) Overview, Claim and Manage Continuing Education Credits, Click here if your organization is tax exempt. API Pricing. Primary care nurse practitioner compensation increased 1.29%. In MGMAs 2020 Monthly Survey, which captures compensation and productivity-level information on a monthly basis, preliminary findings showed dips in compensation in April and a slow rebounding in the following months. . Nevertheless, quality on average determines only 8% of total physician compensation packages tracked in. A new American Hospital Association report takes a closer look at the biggest challengers to healthcare's status quo, and challenges traditional providers to be innovative to survive in a NP demand is quickly growing because nearly 100M Americans lack access to primary care, AANP president says. Hospital Association, health systems and facilities in the U.S. lost more than $200 billion in the first quarter of 2020 . Ask our experts a question on any topic in health care by visiting our member portal, AskAdvisory. AMGA Store - American Medical Group Association Edit scanned PDF . The HOD speakers welcome comments for reports under development for the upcoming Interim and Annual Meetings. Fig. the total annual clinical compensation for each physician from each specialty on the specialty code list. Many physicians who had their compensation linked to productivity took a financial hit from the pandemic, with declines in patient office visits and other disruptions such as suspensions of elective surgery across the country. PHYSICIAN COMPENSATION SURVEY Pinnacle 10.1% Delta Medicus AMGA Pacific MDN HHCS MGMA Martin Jackson Merritt Cejka Locum Hay Daniel $512,500 $506,489 $502,000 $483,247 physician salary sources. of care delivery. 0 Note: Several surveys were used to compile this report. The site navigation utilizes arrow, enter, escape, and space bar key commands. Policy Research Perspective reports, based on the surveys, provide detailed analysis of the data. Data was collected from Oct. 6, 2020, through Feb. 11, 2021. Unless youre Houdini, in this [financial] environment, youre going to be paying more and bringing in less revenue to cover operations, said Fred Horton, president of American Medical Group Association Consulting (AMGA Consulting). Does anyone have the accompanying wRVU data. Private Practice Dropped to Less Than 50 Percent of Physicians in 2020. Thank you for your purchase! MGMA DataDive is your gateway to the unknown. Nonetheless, the data also show a shift away from complete reliance on FFS between 2014 and 2020, as the percentage of physicians indicating all of their practices revenue comes from FFS decreased by 5 percentage points. "Medical groups temporarily canceling elective procedures, an inability for some patients to access health care services for portions of the year, and the apprehension of other patients to seek in-person care for fear of Covid-19 infection all played a role in the declines we observed." In the AMGA 2020 Medical Group Compensation and Productivity Survey, based on 2019 data and including data from 317 primarily large groups, median compensation across the primary care specialties of family medicine, internal medicine, and pediatrics rose 4.5%. Developers. Could anyone provide me a copy of the most up to date MGMA salary data? Insure.com compared payers in various categories to review and rank the best companies currently. The continued impact of COVID-19 makes looking into the future a difficult proposition. Physician Compensation Methods: The Combination of Salary and Bonus Continues to Dominate through 2020 as Physicians are Increasingly Paid by Multiple Methods. Tom Florence, president of Merritt Hawkins,partially attributed this to the growing number of older patients who require the services of specialists. Amga 2020 medical group compensation and productivity survey. Interestingly, 58 percent of PCPs surveyed reported receiving incentive bonuses over the year, at an average of $26,000. The report on 2012-2020 physician compensation methods shows an upswing in compensation by multiple methods. Registration is open for our 2023 Annual Conference! A year ago, a number of predictions were being made about how the Covid-19 pandemic would affect the physician landscape in the United States. Saved credit card is required for opt-in to autorenew. AMGA's Annual Conference is the preeminent forum for medical groups and health system executives to discuss their challenges and successes, and to learn about best practices for healthcare management and delivery. do you know anything similar to this amazing work of yours but in european countries? Mgma Physician Compensation 2021 Pdf What'Up Now Charted: Here's how much physicians were paid in 2020 - Advisory The reports are leveraged by the team at HSG and are heavily relied upon as a reference for our evaluation of compensation and production Data report: 2022 MGMA DataDive Provider Compensation Realizing Recovery We have created our first annual physician compensation report to save you both time and money looking for the data and statistics you want to know. Please, check the box to confirm you're not a robot. LifeStyle Representing multispecialty medical groups and integrated systems of care, we advocate, educate, innovate and empower our members to deliver the next level of high performance health. Since 2017, median urgent care compensation has increased by nearly $30,000, far more than for many other nonsurgical specialties. Physician Compensation Report 2020 - Physicians Thrive: Financial . There is also a subset of data for starting salaries which can be harder to find. Covid-19 antibody treatments: Here's what the evidence says. Alexandria, VA AMGAs 33rd annual 2020 Medical Group Compensation and Productivity Survey shows provider pay increased in 2019, but work relative value unit (wRVU) production remained stagnant. Physician compensation increased at a very modest rate in 2020, according to a survey report published by AMGA. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. While the report found that overall physician compensation increased slightly in 2020, overall physician productivity dropped 10.17% in 2020, down significantly from the 0.56% increase reported in 2019, likely stemming from declines in patient office visits and elective surgeries amid the pandemic. PDF Physician Compensation Report 2020 - Physicians Thrive: Financial API Documentation. This report(PDF) provides a detailed examination of how physicians were compensated by their practices between 2012 and 2020. pdfFiller. On-line PDF form Filler, Editor, Type on PDF, Fill, Print Highest and lowest offered base salary figures, as well as highest and lowest signing bonuses, are from the Merritt Hawkins "2021 Review of Physician and Advanced Practitioner Recruiting Incentives." In 2019, median compensation for all primary care specialties increased by 4.46%, median productivity increased by 0.44%, and compensation per wRVU increased by 2.6%. About AMGAAMGA is a trade association leading the transformation of health care in America. Operations Management Certificate Program. The trend toward rising work relative value units (W-RVUs), the primary measure of how hard physicians work, appears to be leveling off. Theres been a lot of focus on getting more value in [physician care], but that shift is occurring more slowly than we anticipated, he said. If you're curious about a specific field in recent years I can PM you data from ~2018 I have a copy of that. Add in the many ramifications and unknowns of COVID-19, and medical groups are operating in unfamiliar and uncomfortable territory, Horton said. Not every residency match is made to last, as more than 1,000 residents transfer programs each year. Tab will move on to the next part of the site rather than go through menu items. Orthopedic surgery posted the highest 2020 median specialty. August 27, 2021 | Advisory Board Daily Briefing, Charted: Here's how much physicians were paid in 2020. Radiologist $alary Update 2020: Show Me The Money! Let me know what you think. The survey, conducted by AMGA's subsidiary, AMGA Consulting, found that in 2019, overall physician compensation increased by 3.79%, up from the 2.92% increase seen in 2018. The data show that the percentage of physicians paid by a combination of two or more methods increased from 48.2% in 2012 to 59.2% in 2020 due to the increase in the percentage of physicians who received more than half their compensation from salary combined with at least one other method, namely bonus. Radio Advisory episode: An update on the physician landscape, one year later, For the survey, AMGA gathered data from 398 medical groups "representing over 190,000 providers from 168 physician, advanced practice clinician, and other specialties.". Overall physician compensation increased 0.12% in 2020, down significantly from the 3.79% increase that AMGA reported for 2019. Saved credit card is required for opt-in to autorenew. What you need to know about the forces reshaping our industry. PDF Physician Search Firm | Advanced Practice Recruiting and Staffing Firm In the short term, COVID-19 reduced demand for primary care doctors and therefore inhibited salary offers, but the underlying factors that drive demand for primary care physicians remain intact, he said. Meanwhile, overall production increased by 0.56% in 2019, compared to a 0.29% increase the previous year. Englewood, Colo. (May 21, 2020) - Medical Group Management Association (MGMA) released its 31st annual Provider Compensation and Production Report, the most comprehensive view of provider compensation in the United States.Despite the uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, MGMA received supplemental data with a 14% increase in total participating providers in early 2020, representing . Sooner or later, a backlog of sick patients will need to be addressed. The following table highlights changes in compensation and productivity from 2018 to 2019 for certain surgical roles. Individual physician compensation and productivity for physician data from january through december 2020 or your medical groups most recent fiscal year/reporting period. Left and right arrows move across top level links and expand / close menus in sub levels. AMA SPS member Mary K. McCarthy, MD, discusses the activities and efforts of the Committee on Senior Physicians at the Oregon Medical Association. Insurance. Spending hours pouring through hundreds of pages in pricey compensation reports is usually the only way to find this information but we did the legwork for you. The 2020 Medscape Radiologist Compensation Report showed the average radiologist salary to be $427,000 (compared with $419,000 in 2019). Started a little coding project to aggregate this data. A Detailed Look at the Methods Used to Compensate Physicians in Different Practice Types and Specialties, Updated Data on Physician Practice Arrangements: Physician Ownership Drops Below 50 Percent, Medical Liability Claim Frequency among U.S. Physicians, Payment and Delivery in 2016: The Prevalence of Medical Homes, Accountable Care Organizations, and Payment Methods Reported by Physicians, Physicians Patient MixA Snapshot from the 2016 Benchmark Survey and Changes Associated with the ACA, Payment and Delivery in 2014: The Prevalence of New Models Reported by Physicians, Updated Data on Physician Practice Arrangements: Inching Toward Hospital Ownership, New Data on Physician Compensation Methods: One Size Does Not Fit All, New Data on Physician Practice Arrangements: Private Practice Remains Strong Despite Shifts Toward Hospital Employment, Single source of pay becoming less common for physicians, Most physicians now compensated through more than one method, Employed physicians now exceed those who own their practices, What doctors wish patients knew about long COVID-19 brain fog, Why Minnesota changed key query to promote physician well-being, Want to switch residency programs? the total annual clinical compensation for each physician from each specialty on the specialty code list. 'It could get significantly worse': Could even more dangerous variants follow delta? Enter and space open menus and escape closes them as well. In 2019, median compensation increased 4.46% and median productivity increased 0.44%. As an indicator of overall primary care physician productivity to organizations revenues, its worth noting, Mr. Horton pointed out, that while compensation per W-RVU was up 2.6% in 2019, compared to the prior year, collections per RVU dropped by 1.6%. You're gonna struggle to find something super modern, they've changed from releasing an actual book and PDF to doing secure online portal access. Fig. Find an overview of AMA efforts and initiatives to help improv GME. %%EOF Add image to PDF. Fig. PHG (2021) . %PDF-1.6 % 25/01/2022 2 in terms of their compensation increase year over year, with a jump from a median of $259,661 in 2018 to $277,393 in 2019, a 6.83% increase. As of Jan. 1 2021 membership purchasers in AZ, CA, HI, NJ and UT are subject to taxation. In addition, in many of those organizations, [physician] positions are salaried, Mr. Horton said. ", AMGA Consulting president Fred Horton in the statement said the trends seen in the report "were the obvious result of flat compensation combined with a decline in volume of services. One update: made a post on r/residency and seemed to get a good amount of interest before the thread got locked within a couple hours (still not sure why) But some folks used the submit your salary feature so there is now some data (other than my own) listed on the salaries tab. o The completed survey questionnaire is due by . See All. Revenue cycle leaders agree they need to unite against one common enemy: the payer. Human Resources. the salaries listed under MGMA, is that 50% percentile? Here are the sources I used. I verify that Im in the U.S. and agree to receive communication from the AMA or third parties on behalf of AMA. A sample of medical specialties with more remarkable changes to the compensation per work RVU ratio are cardiology, gastroenterology, hematology/medical oncology, and neurology. The NEJM CareerCenter is a product of NEJM Group, a division of the Massachusetts Medical Society. vpn chrome app,what is vpn app for iphone,free vpn without app,easy vpn app store,cloud vpn app,vpn server app,best vpn in app store,what is a vpn app,android vpn app apk,mac app store vpn,opera vpn app,cisco vpn app for iphone,best paid vpn app for android,best vpn app for china,vpn mac app,what is vpn app,best free vpn app for android phones,vpn token app,pia vpn app,best vpn app for pc,what is the vpn client app on my phone,vpn app mac,vpn app ipad netflix,wifi vpn app,vpn ipsec service app,best vpn app for mac,google app engine vpn,vpn apple app,vpn app free,vpn shield app,macbook vpn app,ios vpn app,beste vpn app,best vpn app for ipad,mac vpn app,what is the best vpn app for iphone,best vpn app for windows,best ipad vpn app,what is hotspot vpn app,purevpn free vpn app,app vpn iphone,vpn app for china,vpn client app,vpn app for ipad free,vypr vpn app,google vpn app,vpn master app review,vpn phone app,tunnelbear vpn app,thinkorswim desktop app,tradestation app store,tradestation trading app store,forex market hours clock app,forex trading app iphone,forex trading mobile app,webull for beginners,interactive brokers app,stock market application,demo forex trading app,share trading app,webull mobile app,best app to buy shares,oanda mobile app,oanda app download,oanda desktop app,oanda fx trade app,best robinhood alternative,robinhood alternatives reddit,reddit robinhood alternative,reddit best trading app,ibkr mobile app,easiest forex trading app,td investing app,apps like etoro,interactive brokers mobile app,sofi trading app,apps like robinhood reddit,trading app with minimum deposit,we bull app,best trading app reddit,apps that allow day trading,tastyworks app,best stock app reddit,penny stock trading app,broker apps,top stock investing apps,mobile stock trading app,webull web app,alternatives to robinhood reddit,forex trading practice app,mobile trading app,forex demo account app,best forex broker app,stocks app,best app for option trading,webull desktop app,mobile forex trading platforms,best investment app reddit,free forex trading app,real forex trading app,options trading app,the best app to buy stocks,commission free trading apps,apps similar to robinhood,best forex trading app 2020,share market app,power etrade app,cfd trading app,stock trading apps reddit,forex demo app,best robinhood alternatives,no commission trading app,best alternative to robinhood,best app for stocks reddit,reddit best stock app,trading application,best stock trading app reddit,best forex app for android,best investing app reddit,popular trading apps,investing apps reddit,best app for beginner stock trading,easy trading app,best app to buy stocks reddit,money trading app,forex trading simulator app,reddit best investing app,currency trading app,metatrader 5 apple,good apps to buy stocks,share buying app,best free brokerage app,best mobile forex trading app,best investment apps reddit,metatrader 5 for ios,forex trading app for beginners,pepperstone app, List Of Harley Quinn Makeup Tutorial 2022, Incredible Spring Boot Jpa Tutorial References. Stay tuned. Tax & Finance. American association for physician leadership/sullivancotter: The total compensation received by the physician and crna reported as direct compensation which may. Do you have a link for the MGMA data from 2019? Listen to . Privacy Policy. All Rights Reserved. And when it comes to physician compensation, the challenges created by the pandemic may have many physicians wondering what to expect in 2021, when the global and local impact of the pandemic hopefully begins to wane. Description of mgma physician compensation 2021 pdf. *Survey contains compensation and productivity data on all provider specialties. In the breakdown, family medicine average compensation was $232,000, internal medicine $251,000, and pediatrics $232,000. In the 2020 MGMA survey, urgent care physicians were No. However, consistent over the 2014-2020 period, roughly 70% of practice revenue came from FFS and 30% from APMs. PDF Compensating Physicians for Executive and Administrative Services - PYA Thank you. Or do they take say a point in time like 5 years post residency/fellowship? physicians to ensure compliance with the fraud and abuse laws is critically important. Physicians might ask, for example, what happened with patient volumes and how compensation was handled during the first wave of the pandemic and what the organizations compensation committee has planned in the event of another major disruption, Mr. Horton said. 2018 physician compensation feature and from Merritt Hawkins' 2018 Review of Physician and Advanced Practitioner Recruiting . However, pure production compensation models are less common for advanced practice clinicians. AMGAs members are concerned about this ongoing trend, and we suspect the industry-wide response to COVID-19 will speed up efforts to mitigate this pattern. Offerdx - Physician Salaries (MGMA, AMGA, and more) 2 Change from 2018-2019: Specialty Care. Officials and members gather to elect officers and address policy at the 2023 AMA Annual Meeting being held in Chicago, June 9-14, 2023. Solve all your PDF problems. The report also examines differences across physician employment status and practice ownership, and illustrates that physician owners of a private practice generally have a different compensation structure from the physicians they employ. Convert & Compress Compress PDF. In a prepared statement, AMGA Consulting President Fred Horton, MHA, said the trends in the survey report are associated with flat compensation and a stark decrease in service volume. The data generally show consistent participation increases for each ACO type since 2016, although participation in Medicare ACOs slightly decreased from 2018 (38.2%) to 2020 (36.7%). Career resources content posted on NEJM CareerCenter is produced by freelance health care writers as an advertising service of NEJM Group, a division of the Massachusetts Medical Society and should not be construed as coming from, or representing the views of, the New England Journal of Medicine, NEJM Group, or the Massachusetts Medical Society, Compensation is holding steady or rising, but the pandemic effects and practices declining revenues will likely have an effect going forward. Download the latest guides and resources for telehealth services. Linking and Reprinting Policy. Overall physician compensation in the United States increased by 0.12% in 2020, but some specialties saw median compensation rates higher than others, according to the 34th annual AMGA Medical Group Compensation and Productivity Survey, performed by American Medical Group Association (AMGA). Telehealth in 2020: Survey Data Show Widespread Use Across Most Physician Specialties and for a Variety of Functions. Weekend reads: Could mosquitos become blind to humans? The shift to more value-based compensation models will help organizations become more resilient against future economic downturns," he said. "The data reveals the devastating economic impact of Covid-19 on health care provider organizations and indicates that they may need to rethink their compensation models in order to remain resilient in the face of future disruptions. Learn more with the AMA. 354 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<1269487CB1D061468093B1BEEE6DC0FC>]/Index[332 32]/Info 331 0 R/Length 109/Prev 178938/Root 333 0 R/Size 364/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream According to a statement from AMGA, the report shows how the Covid-19 pandemic affected physician compensation in 2020. Related: Physician Employment Market Stabilizing, Recruitment Executive Says. In this episode, Rae sits down with Advisory Board's Sarah Hostetter and Daniel Kuzmanovich to look back at those predictions and see what has changed in the physician landscape over the past year and what hasn't. Although the 2020 data are consistent with earlier trends, the size of the changes since 2018 suggest that the shifts toward larger practices and away from physician-owned (private) practices have accelerated. Analysis |By Christopher Cheney| Performance Improvement & Publications Overview, Best Practices and Research and Analytics, Survey Shows Divergent Trends in Provider Compensation and Productivity. The 5 highest-paid physician specialties, according to MGMA - Advisory General pediatrics and adolescent medicine posted the lowest 2020 median specialty compensation at $257,432. AMGA is the national voice promoting awareness of medical groups recognized excellence in the delivery of coordinated, high-quality, cost-effective care. The report also revealed that asc nurses earned an average of $35. Anesthesiologists: $453,683 (2.57 percent decrease from 2020) Cardiologists (general): $518,750 (2.63 percent decrease from 2020) Dermatologists: $506,276 (1.59 percent increase from 2020) Endocrinologists: $274,402 (0.22 percent increase from 2020) Emergency room physicians: $380,099 (0.58 percent increase from 2020) Family medicine physicians: $273,291 (1.27 percent increase from 2020) Gastroenterologists: $538,908 (0.74 percent decrease from 2020) General surgeons: $439,196 (2.69 percent decrease from 2020) Internal medicine physicians: $288,558 (0.05 percent decrease from 2020) Neurologists: $325,278 (1.25 percent increase from 2020) OB-GYN: $357,266 (0.66 percent decrease from 2020) Hematology and medical oncology: $462,644 (1.39 percent decrease from 2020) Ophthalmologists: $416,333 (1.14 percent decrease from 2020) Orthopedic surgeons: $626,297 (0.89 percent decrease from 2020) Pediatricians: $255,352 (0.81 percent decrease from 2020) Psychiatrists: $299,250 (0.54 percent decrease from 2020) Pulmonary Disease (With Critical Care): $418,382 (1.41 percent decrease from 2020) Rheumatologists: $278,416 (0.48 percent increase from 2020) Urologists: $500,698 (2.82 percent increase from 2020), Anesthesiologists: 10,842 Cardiologists (general): 6,896 Dermatologists: 6,447 Endocrinologists: 4,471 Emergency room physicians: 6,111 Family medicine physicians: 4,575 Gastroenterologists: 6,787 General surgeons: 6,025 Internal medicine physicians: 4,413 Neurologists: 4,253 OB-GYN: 6,317 Hematologists/Oncologists: 4,357 Ophthalmologists: 7,381 Orthopedic surgeons: 7,431 Pediatricians: 4,605 Psychiatrists: 3,574 Pulmonary disease (with critical care): 5,744 Rheumatologists: 4,315 Urologists: 7,093, Primary care men: $269,000 Primary care women: $211,000 Specialists men: $376,000 Specialists women: $283,000, Orthopedic surgeons: $116,000 Ophthalmologists: $87,000 Otolaryngologists: $72,000 Urologists: $72,000 Cardiologists: $71,000 Radiologists: $69,000 Gastroenterologists: $60,000 Anesthesiologists: $55,000 OB-GYN and women's health: $48,000 General surgeons: $47,000 Emergency medicine physicians: $44,000 Pathologists: $42,000 Critical care physicians: $41,000 Neurologists: $39,000 Physical medicine and rehabilitation physicians: $37,000 Family medicine physicians: $27,000 Internal medicine physicians: $26,000 Pediatricians: $26,000 Psychiatrists: $24,000, Family medicine physicians: $240,000 Radiologists: $50,000 Psychiatrists: $75,000 Internal medicine physicians: $100,000, Family medicine physicians: $2,500 Radiologists: $10,000 Psychiatrists: $1,000 Internal medicine physicians: $5,000, Highest-paying states for physicians by mean compensation, Alabama: $348,000 Kentucky: $340,000 Oklahoma: $338,000 Indiana: $337,000 Missouri: $332,000 South Carolina: $332,000 Florida: $331,000 Georgia: $330,000 Iowa: $330,000 Tennessee: $329,000, Highest offered base salary (Bonuses and benefits not included), Family medicine physicians: $400,000 Radiologists: $825,000 Psychiatrists: $400,000 Internal medicine physicians: $500,000 OB-GYN: $750,000 Anesthesiologists: $750,000 Hematologists/Oncologists: $1 million Gastroenterologists: $750,000 Cardiologists (non-invasive): $700,000 Cardiologists (interventional): $1 million Neurologists: $850,000 Orthopedic surgeons: $1 million Dermatologists: $1 million Pulmonologists: $650,000 Pediatricians: $400,000 Endocrinologists: $325,000, Lowest offered base salary (Bonuses and benefits not included), Family medicine physicians: $180,000 Radiologists: $150,000 Psychiatrists: $185,000 Internal medicine physicians: $170,000 OB-GYN: $207,000 Anesthesiologists: $245,000 Hematologists/Oncologists: $180,000 Gastroenterologists: $125,000 Cardiologists (non-invasive): $350,000 Cardiologists (interventional): $400,000 Neurologists: $215,000 Orthopedic surgeons: $300,000 Dermatologists: $200,000 Pulmonologists: $250,000 Pediatricians: $180,000 Endocrinologists: $200,000. The AMGAs survey found even higher compensation levels in urgent care. Still, specialist physicians made up 64 percent of the firm's search engagements over the 12 months. We have now seen this same trend of divergent key metrics for several years in a row, and we have to wonder how long it can continue, given that the vast majority of revenue is still, by and large, generated via work RVU productivity, said Fred Horton, M.H.A., AMGA Consulting president. 4 Change from 2018-2019: Advance Practice Clinicians, Certainly, a need for a call to action has been heightened, as this market trend persists. New hospitalist compensation and productivity information is available via the 2010 physician compensation and production survey report, the medical group management associations (mgma) annual survey.however, hm leaders are urging restraint to group directors and individual hospitalists pining for the latest industry benchmarks.
Peacock Appaloosa Horse, Articles A