It is fair to acknowledge the Republic F-105 Thunderchief was a plane thrust into a mission that was largely . Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Elsewhere in Oxfordshire, the county's London Oxford Airport (then known as RAF Kidlington) was the planned destination of pioneering aviator Amy Johnson's last flight in January 1941. On the day in question, the crew had to abandon its raid over Le Havre, and return to the UK. Four jets fr om an Air Force stunt team crashed today, one after another, into t he rugged Nevada desert and exploded in flames, killing all four pilo ts. Thunderbird pilots are the hotshots of peacetime fliers, the darlings of the towns they perform in, and celebrities around their home base. At least one person has died after an aerobatic Canadian air force jet crashed into a residential neighbourhood. Based in Norwich, UK. I was amazed how quiet everyone was as they were leaving. Samuel E. Waters was that his image, and the similar images of men, fighter pilots, like him shaped my impression of what a real man truly was. Col. David Smith, crashed at Cleveland's Burke Lakefront Airport. The June 2 crash of the F-16 fighter in a field just south of the Colorado Springs Airport destroyed the $29 million plane, but the pilot safely ejected. ABC7 New York 24/7 Eyewitness News Stream. In 2015, a small Cessna plane crashed into the Colombian jungle, killing all people on board, except for 18-year-old Maria Nelly Murillo and her .
The Thunderhawk Crash of 1987 - Doctor Aviation F-16.net - The ultimate F-16, F-22, F-35 reference The F-105 Thunderchief itself was an ambitious aircraft. The Thunderbirds formed in 1953 as the Air Demonstration Unite at Luke Air Force Base in Arizona. Fireflash is a hypersonic airliner, capable of travelling at six times the speed of sound. Having narrowly missed Wallingford's residential areas, the stricken plane crashed in the fields at Newnham Murren, situated just across the River Thames. With the aircraft having abandoned its raid, it still had a full bomb load onboard. Colonel Smith died when his parachute failed to open. He graduated from Utah Valley State University in 2005 and after joining the Air Force served as an evaluator pilot, logging more than 3,500 total flight hours, according to his Thunderbirds biography. Even after years I unearth new names and heroic exploits every week. COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. But Smith's ejector seat chute did not have time to open, and he impacted on rocks next to the lake and rolled into the water, killing him instantly. At New Orleans, the USAF Thunderbirds fly their 518th and last show in the McDonnell Douglas F-4E Phantom II. Christopher Stricklin ejects from the USAF Thunderbirds number six aircraft less than a second before it impacted the ground at an air show at Mountain Home Air Force Base,Sept. And as history arcs forward into the future, the foundation is expanded by more and more heroes. In Washington, D.C., a White House spokesman said President Reagan's eyes ''filled with tears'' when he was informed of the crash. At only 23 years old and still a First Lieutenant, Richter was the youngest USAF combat pilot to shoot down an enemy aircraft in the Vietnam conflict at the time. This photo provided by The National Transportation Safety Board shows NTSB investigators documenting the wreckage of a Pilatus PC-12 airplane at the crash site in Dayton, Nev., on Sunday, Feb. 26 . The pilot, who was the only one on board, did not get hurt. April 6, 1961: Major Robert S. Fitzgerald and Captain George Nial killed during training. It is already difficult to sort through accurate records about Captain Samuel E. Waters. Flames and smoke from the crash site were visible to residents at Indian Springs, an auxiliary Air Force base that the Thunderbirds use in practice.
Thunderbirds | United States Air Force aircraft squadron As the jet continued to dive, it appeared to have an engine failure .
United States Air Force Thunderbirds - Wikipedia Mountain Home airfield elevation is 2,996 feet above Mean Sea Level (MSL).
Thunderbirds fighter jet crashes in Colorado Springs after flyover at A major military rationale for conducting such dangerous maneuvers is to kindle enthusiasm for air careers among young people. There were a reported 33.7 accidents per 100,000 flying hours in the F-105 by half way through 1964, a massive increase compared to earlier years. Andrew and Wilding sadly died in the crash, which also detonated the plane's bombs, shattering windows in the town. Journalist - A graduate in German, Jake has a passion for aviation history, and enjoys sampling new carriers and aircraft even if doing so demands an unorthodox itinerary. While upside down, the pilot maneuvered the jet into a dive. The idea is it'll be an original take on Thunderbirds taking inspiration from each era. Radio traffic indicates the pilot who crashed a Thunderbird F-16 following a flyover of the United States Air Force Academy graduation ceremony Thursday afternoon was having some sort of plane . (function() { 03/2/2023 - 9:56 am | View Link; Man charged with criminal negligence, arson in Ottawa explosion Christopher Stricklin ejecting from the USAF Thunderbirds number six aircraft less than a second before it impacted the ground at an air show at Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, Sept. 14. via U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. The Thunderbirds perform for people all around the world to display the pride, precision and professionalism the U.S. Air Force represents. The other three followed within a tenth of a second, flying in formation. Officials did not disclose the type of aircraft Schultz had been piloting. "They were going full tilt, really screaming, and at the time I thought they were too low. Regardless of your assessment of the Thunderchief, the odds were always stacked against it. Only three crashes occurred during airshows. Featured image ofMountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho Capt. It did not, however, deliver great survivability during this era. This tradition began in 1998, and lives on today. CJ-> Subject: Re: Thunderbird crash in 72 CJ-> Organization: NETstor, Inc. Burnsville, MN USA CJ-> Date: Mon, 27 Sep 1993 23:24:03 GMT. What struck me about the photo I found of Capt.
thunderbirds aircraft history Plane crashes during Century 21 opening day festivities on April 21 A five-page report of the mishap was published by Aviation Week & Space Technology in their issue dated 17 May 1982.
4 Thunderbird Pilots Killed as Planes Crash Into Nevada Desert The 1982 Diamond Crash was the worst operational accident to befall the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds Air Demonstration Team involving show aircraft. Major Norm Lowry was buried at Riverside National Cemetery in Section 2, Site 1919, in California. "[2], The airframes involved were all T-38A-75-NO Talons, serial numbers 68-8156, -8175, -8176 and -8184.[7]. The Air Force identified the pilot as Maj. Stephen Del Bagno, who had joined the elite Thunderbirds team this season and was on a routine demonstration training flight when he was killed on Wednesday. June 2, 201601:48. Technical Sergeant Al King, was filming on the ground that morning at Indian Springs when the accident occurred. President McManus said 25 minutes ago a man was shot dead by SAPD officers in a shooting at the Motel 6 parking lot. F16 Thunderbirds airshow Crash Video at Airshow caught on tapeCapt. Here's how to make the most of it.
PDF NSIAD-84-153 Partial Videotape Erasure of 1982 Air Force Thunderbirds Crash The Thunderbirds used a 3,000-foot altimeter setting for the demonstration. According to witnesses, the plane was the sixth and last to take off. Anyone can read what you share. The accident report was released later. In total, the "Thunderbirds" use 12 F-16s; nine are C-models (6 used for the displays and the rest in reserve) and three two-seat D-models. The pilots were practicing a maneuver in which their T-38 training jets, flying one behind the other in a single line, swoop low to the ground, then roll up into a loop, according to a spokesman for the Thunderbirds. The crash happened around 1 p.m. June 2, as the Thunderbirds were returning to the airport after performing an air show at the Air Force Academy graduation ceremony. Thunderbird updates are regularly released and a number of the fixes in them are crash related. A pilot with the Navy's elite Blue Angels squadron was killed Thursday in Tennessee just hours after an Air Force Thunderbird pilot was forced to eject from his jet in Colorado . * Twitter: https://twitter.com/Spotter_101* Blog: http://planevideosandpictures.blogspot.co.uk/* Like, Subscribe, Share and Follow to stay active for a chance to win big in our YT competitions * MULTIPLE NEW VIDEOS EVERY WEEK! He eventually completed 198 combat missions over Vietnam in a number of aircraft including the F-100 Super Sabre and the O-1A Bird Dog light Forward Air Control (FAC) aircraft. [2] Four T-38As, Numbers 14, comprising the basic diamond formation, hit the desert floor almost simultaneously on Range 65, now referred to as "The Gathering of Eagles Range". He survived with only minor bruising and no one on the ground was injured, but the $20 million F-16 was destroyed. The four planes went into the loop in a row, wingtip to wingtip, and zoomed toward the earth at about 400 miles an hour. Demerly studied journalism at Henry Ford College in Dearborn, Michigan. The Fireflash fleet has been . This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. According to the Dayton Daily News, stunt walker Jane Wicker's . _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); AIR FORCE ACADEMY, Colo. -- An Air Force Thunderbird jet crashed south of Colorado Springs just after a flyover for a graduation of Air Force Academy . According to three websites and social media posts, Capt. The others were 23-year-old Flight Officer John Archibald Wilding (USA) and 22-year-old Sergeant John Francis Andrew (UK). Send me.. 6 (F-16), crashed during an airshow at Mountain Home AFB, Idaho. The T-38 Talon trainers, manufactured by the Northrop Corporation in California, have been used by the Thunderbirds in 694 air shows since 1973. The Air Force's Thunderbirds headlined the Cocoa Beach Air Show Saturday when the TBM Avenger's engine cut out. The one farther east hit the ground first. 4 jet. It was the era of the early U.S. involvement in the air war over Vietnam. Tom Demerly served in an intelligence gathering unit as a member of the U.S. Army and Michigan National Guard. The farthest left plane is the leader, meaning the other three are supposed to do exactly what it does. I hope no one would object if we have a moment of silence.''. The Air Force was shocked and saddened by the crashes.
Thunderbird 3, made in Blender for my upcoming Thunderbirds fan-game N83CT Aircraft Incident Harrisburg International Airport. On September 8, 1981, the commander of the Thunderbirds since 1979, Lt. Col. David L. Smith, 40, was taking off in his T-38 Talon when, shortly after departure from Burke Lakefront Airport, it ingestedseveral seagulls, stalling the engines. ''They did not collide with each other,'' he said. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. There is one era that produced images that are particularly iconic to me. Tom Demerly is a feature writer, journalist, photographer and editorialist who has written articles that are published around the world on TheAviationist.com, TACAIRNET.com, Outside magazine, Business Insider, We Are The Mighty, The Dearborn Press & Guide, National Interest, Russias government media outlet Sputnik, and many other publications. Thunderbirds Crash (GAO/NSIAD-84-153) This is in response to your June 12, 1984, letter requesting an investigation of the facts surrounding the partial videotape erasure of the Air Force Thunderbirds crash. He managed to bring the plane down without getting hurt. . ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? The four planes struck nose first into the sand while practicing a ''loop and tail'' maneuver, the Air Force said. A pilot preparing for an air show died in a plane crash after leaving a Pennsylvania airport, officials said. With robust designs and vintage classic style, discover the heritage of military timepieces today! EL PASO COUNTY, Colo. (CBS4) - A pilot of a U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds jet wasn't injured after ejecting just before the F-16 crashed outside of Colorado . The pilot ejected safely and no spectators were injured. What aviation news will you check out next? He was assigned to a military command that conducts research and weapon system tests. An Air Force spokesman at the Nellis base, home of the Thunderbirds, said the wingtips are only about six feet apart when the abreast loop is performed at an air show but are farther apart during practice sessions. Thunderbird pilots are the . The deadliest Thunderbird accident was the crash of a team support C-123B Provider, 55-4521, en route from Hill AFB, Utah to McChord AFB, Washington, on 10 October 1958.The plane flew through a flock of birds and crashed into a hillside six miles (10 km) east of Payette, Idaho, just before 6:30 p.m., killing all five flight crew and 14 maintenance personnel on board. Also known as "America's Ambassadors in Blue", the team flies with six F-16C/D Block 52 aircraft. .
USAF Thunderbirds History - Aerobatic Teams In all, a staggering 382 Thunderchiefs were lost in Vietnam, nearly half the total number that was built. "I watched the planes do a loop and they didn't pull out. Check for problematic add-ons. You must become a subscriber or login to view or post comments on this article. The Air Force said it had not determined the cause of the crash but would spend the night sifting through the debris. The four pilots died instantly: Major Norm Lowry, III, leader, 37, of Radford, Virginia; Captain Willie Mays, left wing, 31, of Ripley, Tennessee; Captain Joseph "Pete" Peterson, right wing, 32, of Tuskegee, Alabama; and Captain Mark E. Melancon, slot, 31, of Dallas, Texas. 14. Following their leader to the end, all four planes plowed in the ground. Realistically, far too many to tell in a single day. Eyewitness details fatal plane crash at Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport. Ok . Photo: The captain of the BA flight survived the incident, which took place just a few miles from Wallingford. Range 65 is now referred to as "The Gathering of Eagles Range" - an annual aviation event that encourages the study of aviation history and the contributions of aviation pioneers at Air Command and Staff College. Two people are dead after a stunt plane carrying a wing walker crashed Saturday afternoon during the Vectren Dayton Air Show in Ohio.
Pilot of WWII plane, an Air Force vet and one of the 'Geico Skytypers October 9, 1958: 19 people are killed when the team's cargo plane crashes, making it the worst accident in Thunderbird history.
United States. It is fair to acknowledge the Republic F-105 Thunderchief was a plane thrust into a mission that was largely misunderstood, frequently evolving, and very different from what the Thud was originally designed for, low-level, supersonic nuclear strike missions. 1972 Ford Thunderbird; 2004 Ford E-Series; 1988 Toyota Land Cruiser; 2005 Ford F-350 Super Duty XL; 1991 Toyota Previa; Cast. March 17, 2013. The crash could have occurred because the command plane's pilot did not pull out in time, bringing the other three down with him, or because there were collisions in mid-air at some point in the maneuver. Two other pilots who were to have performed in solo roles with the four-plane unit were practicing over Nellis at the time. Reference Final Destination Plane Crash. Wilding and Sergeant J.F. ET). U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds were conducting a flypast of . The squad is known as "America's Ambassadors in Blue."
Pilot killed in plane crash near Nellis Air Force Base in Las Vegas Here am I. A GEICO Skytypers plane that was due to take part in an upcoming air show crashed shortly after takeoff, Friday, Aug. 20, 201, at the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International Airport in eastern . The same day, a Marine Harrier jet crashed during takeoff from an airport in the East African nation of Djibouti. The Air Force has concluded that a mechanical failure in one plane, combined with the strict discipline followed by the pilots of three others, led to the deaths of four members of its Thunderbird . Its also best not to discuss the calamitous employment of the F-105 by the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds that ended in a fiery aircraft disintegration on May 9, 1964 at an airshow venue in California. 4 PILOTS KILLED AS STUNT PLANES CRASH IN DESERT, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/19/us/4-pilots-killed-as-stunt-planes-crash-in-desert.html. IE 11 is not supported. The Thunderbirds only flew the F-105 in six shows before they switched back to the North American F-100D Super Sabre. At this time, a Canadian flag flies from Wallingford's town hall. With Lowry leading, a fresh start after the loss of Smith and second solo Nick Hauck, who had been killed in another mishap in May of '81, began. Photo: Thunderbird: How Heroic Flying Saved A UK Town From A Plane Crash In 1944, RCAF 426 'Thunderbird' Squadron Association, Over 9 Million Passengers Flew To Mexico In January, 18 Destinations: AirAsia X's Summer Operations From Kuala Lumpur, Venezuela's Conviasa Announces New Destination In Syria, Tom Stuker: The Story Of The World's Most Frequent Flyer, How The Shuttle Carrier Was Butchered For Parts For NASA's Boeing 747 'SOFIA' Jet, A Brief Guide To The Airbus A320 Family's Main Variants. Indian Springs also was the site of a crash of a C-130 cargo plane last September, unrelated to Thunderbird training, in which seven men died and 61 survived in a joint Army-Air Force night . "[5], Initial speculation was that the accident might have been due to pilot error, that the leader might have misjudged his altitude or speed and the other three pilots repeated the error. The low altitude at which the engine failure occurred put the Halifax on a collision course with the sleepy market town of Wallingford. Samuel E. Waters died 51 years ago on Tuesday December 13, 1966 over the dense jungle region of Ha Tay Province, North Vietnam. Thunderbirds pilot Maj. Stephen Del Bagno temporarily lost consciousness during a high G-force maneuver and was incapacitated right before a fatal crash in April. A new leader, Major Norman Lowry, had already been selected by the Air Force to command the team after Smith. Loren Conaway, who lives in a mobile home at Indian Springs and who saw the crash, said: ''I saw a huge column of black smoke going up. The pilot ejected ad was medically evaluated. All four pilots were killed instantly. The Thunderchief looked the part of a supersonic fighter. May 9, 1964: Captain Eugene J. Devlin killed during a three-plane formation pass. The others were 23-year-old Flight Officer John Archibald Wilding (USA) and 22-year-old Sergeant John Francis Andrew (UK). October 2, 2012. "He was an integral part of the team, and our hearts are heavy with his loss.". The Air Force identified the pilots as Maj. Norman L. Lowry III, 37, of Radford, Va., the team leader; Capt. This made it all the more tragic for those who saw the planes plunge into the desert on the clear day. See Updating Thunderbird for details. Stricklin, who was not injured, ejected after both guiding the jet away from the crowd of more than 60,000 people and ensuring hecouldn't save the aircraft. Although a rescue force was able to retrieve him quickly, Lt. Richter died in the rescue helicopter on his way back to safety. Chiseled features, serious countenance, heroic look, stony glare. "It happened so fast I couldn't tell you if one hit sooner. The U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM), on July 1, 2020, awarded Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) a [], A-10s involved in Operation Inherent Resolve carry a full complement of air-to-ground weaponry.
T-bird crash blamed on pilot error - Mountain Home News Andrew. [6], "At the speed they were going when they came out of the loop, I just thought, "That's the end of that for them fellows,'" said W. G. Wood of Indian Springs, who witnessed the crash as he drove along 95. He was a hero. Gene Devlin in aircraft 57-5801. .
One person rescued, 2 missing after New Orleans plane crash Air Force Thunderbirds Jet Crashes Outside Colorado Springs Early in its history, during 1961, the F-105 had the lowest rate of accidents of any jet fighter in the history of the Air Force. August 14, 2013. Marine CH-53E Super Stallion helicopter crashed Tuesday, April 4: Marine helicopter crashes, killing all four aboard. The Thunderbirds said in a statement that the team's participation this weekend at an expo at the March Air Reserve Base in Southern California had been canceled.
Breaking Bad White Walter Jr See Final Destination Plane Crash Demerly is an experienced parachutist, holds advanced SCUBA certifications, has climbed the highest mountains on three continents and visited all seven continents and has flown several types of light aircraft. "It happened so fast I couldn't tell you if one hit sooner. The remaining accidents occurred during training.
'She looked very scared': Witnesses describe stunt performer's fiery All Rights Reserved. The "Diamond Crash," as it was later called, led to the Thunderbirds upgrading their T-38s to the frontline F-16A "Fighting Falcon" jet fighter, built by General Dynamics, for their performances. "At the speed they were going when they came out of the loop, I just thought, "That's the end of that for them fellows,'" said W.G. But it would get worse. Meanwhile, in a selfless display of airmanship, Andrew and Wilding's last actions guided the plane away from the town. An Air Force Thunderbird jet crashed today as it attempted to land after a precision flying show for about 80,000 spectators at Hill Air Force Base. The cause of the crash was identified as a stall caused by an overly steep bank caused by hitting the wake turbulence of the B-52. The Thunderbirds' most recent accident occurred Sept. 9, when the jet of the team leader, Lieut. Make sure you are using the latest version. Please support this channel by following me on Patreonhttps://www.patreon.com/allecibayCaptain Chris Stricklin, flying Thunderbird No. Its journalistically and politically indelicate to write about any historical military aircraft as bad or dangerous, so we will handle the F-105 and its history over Vietnam objectively and respectfully. As seen above, a memorial was installed on the corner of Wilding Road and Andrew Road in 1960. Nonetheless, the 1982 season was cancelled for the Thunderbirds while they rebuilt the team.
Thunderbirds Aircraft History. In the beginning of 1960's for the first time on the body of F-100C was painted the well-known silhouette of a thunderbird. A New Leader.
Air Force Finds Mechanical Failure Led to Crashes of Flying Team This was only the second crash since the Air Force began using F-16 Falcons for its demonstration team in 1982.Find out more: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:F1F-16 Thunderbirds Crash Video after Takeoff at Mountain Home Air Show, with the Pilot Ejecting from his Jet Plane. The crash occurred 25 seconds into the flight of the aircraft, known as Thunderbird 6. Col. Mike Wallace, of the Public Information Office at nearby Nellis AFB, home of the demonstration team, said that Major General Gerald D. Larson, the head of an Air Force investigation board, arrived at Nellis from New Hampshire at 10 p.m. that night. As part of the opening day ceremonies, 10 Air Force F102s with the 64th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Paine Field near Everett did a flyby . The squadron includes six pilots, who fly with the team for two years (half the pilots are replaced each year), and some 135 support personnel. Two B-52s Fly Over Tallinn For Estonia Independence Day, F-35C Mishap On USS Carl Vinson Caused By Pilot Error After Sierra Hotel Break, Successful First Flight For The Two-Seat KF-21 Boramae, First UH-60 Black Hawk Helicopter For Ukraines Intelligence Service Breaks Cover, Large White Balloon Reported East of Hawaii. The pilot died in the crash. On Oct 9, 1958 happened the worst accident in the history of the team. Both the Federal Aviation Administration and National Transportation Safety Board are investigating why the engine malfunctioned. List of battleships of the United States Navy, The deadliest Thunderbird accident was the crash of a team support, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Accidents and incidents involving United States Air Force aircraft, Aviation accidents and incidents in Nevada, U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds Air Demonstration Team, http://web.archive.org/web/20110609175541/http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Thunderbirds-Diamond_Crash.htm, http://web.archive.org/web/20110628193518/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/usaf/usafads.htm, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954982,00.html, "Misjudgment held 'possible' in fatal Thunderbirds crash", http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ulUaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WicEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4319,345670&dq=thunderbirds+crash+history&hl=en, "Air Force finds mechanical failure led to crashes of flying team", http://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/11/us/air-force-finds-mechanical-failure-led-to-crashes-of-flying-team.html?scp=4&sq=thunderbirds%20indian%20springs&st=cse, http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1968.html, http://www.system-safety.org/Documents/AF_System-Safety-HNDBK.pdf, "The U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds, Turn 50, Part One", http://web.archive.org/web/20110711073322/http://www.garypalamara.com/Articles_Tbird_AFM-01.htm, "Partial Videotape Erasure of 1982 Air Force Thunderbirds Crash (GAO/NSIAD-84-153)". A total of 18 pilots have been killed. Luckily, Smith and Staff Sgt Dwight Roberts, 31, the crew chief riding tandem behind him, both ejected from the plane.
F-16 Thunderbird plane crashes at Dayton International Airport ahead of One home is empty - its owners are on vacation -- but the second home's occupants are killed instantly.
Thunderbirds pilot worked on Marvel movie - KTNV Chronology: 1970-1979 | Air & Space Forces Magazine N717RL Aircraft Accident Jackson, MS. November 13, 2012.
1982 Thunderbirds Indian Springs Diamond Crash - Wikipedia He went up and did a loop, and the plane came down. Heavy smoke could be seen coming from an area .
Thunderbirds will not perform Sunday at Vectren Dayton Air Show The pilot safely ejected. Richter managed to eject from his F-105 and parachuted into rocky terrain where he sustained life-threatening injuries including a broken neck.
It can carry a maximum of 600 persons (passengers and crew). THANK YOU FOR SUPPORTING VETERAN JOURNALISM - JOIN SOFREP+ Latest on Thunderbird crash, Air Show Latest on Thunderbird crash, Air Show By Breaking News Staff and Kara Driscoll June 24, 2017 at 6:10 pm EDT UPDATE @ 6:10 p.m. (June 24)